Blood donation is an act many people regularly exercise. For most people, the sole intention behind the cause is to help save someone's life.Although blood donation is a free-process, the blood-bank is a multi-billion dollar industry, with a market value of $14.78 billion, as of 2020.&nbsp;You must be wondering how that's possible. Well, we've got your back!To begin with, blood donation centers rely on healthy individuals to show up and contribute a whole unit of blood. Not everyone is eligible to donate; and hence, the donors are screened in the transfusion centre. Once this process is completed and screening approved, one is allowed to donate blood.Once the blood is taken, a number is assigned and is packed on ice. The packet is now ready to undergo the manufacturing stage.During the upcoming cycle, the blood is split into different elements. Professionals separate White Blood Cells (WBCs) as their first task. Then, plasma is separated from the Red Blood Cells (RBCs). A sample of this blood is now sent to the lab for further investigations.The blood sent is now checked for contaminants such as HIV and Hepatitis C. The test usually takes a day to complete.With the arrival of the approved test results, the sample needs to be matched to the patient; since the transfusion of an unmatched blood can lead to fatal outcomes.The matched blood is eventually transfused to needy patients.Hence, you aren't technically paying for the blood, but rather for the processes involved. You're paying for the bag used to hold blood, and for equipment required for testing and transfusion.All these costs are recuperation costs, not designed for profit. Consequently, there is a fixed price for a unit of blood. The price you pay is therefore, for testing, processing, matching and transfusion.Blood banks, for that reason, charge prices per unit of blood, and make an income out of it.&nbsp;Be the reason someone's heart beats strong: donate blood today !!!

Although blood donation is a free-process, the blood-bank is a multi-billion dollar industry, with a market value of $14.78 billion, as of 2020. Why is it so? and how is the money made?

why are you charged for blood that you donate for free

Kaaad is a web developer, tech enthusiast, writer and a traveller. He validates and checks grammar of every content on Tipsaza. Science, Travel and Health is what he writes his articles on.

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Have you ever downloaded or shared files using torrent? If you have, you must know how useful and easy it is to use. From sharing important data to downloading pirated movies or sitcoms, BitTorrent is used for all. So what exactly is BitTorrent and how does it work?<h3>What is BitTorrent?</h3>BitTorrent is a file sharing protocol that works in a peer-peer network model, meaning it does not have a centralized server for file sharing. This makes file sharing much faster. BitTorrent is mostly used for transferring large files such as videos and movies.&nbsp;BitTorrent helps not only to share large files but to reduce overall network traffic by spreading it among smaller networks. But even though BitTorrent is such a convenient file transferring protocol, its unethical use for pirating copyrighted material without permission has made it illegal to use for such activities.<h3>How does it work?</h3>In other normal client-server networks, there exists a centralized server; who has the data, and a client; who requests the data. This is a simple network model that is even adapted by the Internet. Here, all the data is stored on the server and not the client. This means that if there are several clients, the rate of data transfer is low because of the congested traffic.&nbsp;This is where BitTorrent comes into picture.Before we get into how BitTorrent works, lets get familiar with some terms:Swarm: A group of peers connected togetherSeed: A peer that already has a file and makes it available for other peers.Leecher: A peer that downloads a file from a seed.Tracker: This is a server that traces the peers and the swarm, locating peers using their IP address. It also keeps record of files that are being downloaded or uploaded.In BitTorrent, it can be said that each peer in the swarm acts as a server and can share the files that they already have. It is basically taking the load off from a server by splitting it between devices in a smaller network i.e. a swarm. &nbsp;Now to better understand how BitTorrent works let's say peer1 needs a file named File0.&nbsp;To download the file he first needs to obtain a torrent file (a file with metadata) of File0. The torrent can be found online after some research.After he obtains the torrent file he connects to the required Tracker. This makes him associated with a swarm, where a peer holds File0.After this PC1 becomes a leecher. This is the part where he downloads the file that he requires.&nbsp;When the download is complete, the leecher now becomes a seed, meaning he can now upload the file he has for others. The more the seeds in the swarm, the greater the download speed.

Even though BitTorrent is a convenient peer-peer file transferring protocol, its unethical use for pirating copyrighted material without permission has made it illegal to use for such activities.

bittorrent: how does it work

Shiwansh is a tech enthusiast and a traveller who loves to write.

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Yes, asteroids have hit Earth over the course of its history and it'll occur again. But the possibility isn't significant in our continuances maybe 1 in 10,000 but over thousands or millions of generations, major impacts grow fairly likely. Ancient craters on Earth's surface prove that large objects have hit Earth in the history, and there is no reason to suppose this will not continue in the future.&nbsp;We’re living in what's maybe the most peaceful time in our solar system's history. It’s hard to imagine the period roughly 4 billion years ago when our world was being bombarded by huge asteroids and comets, an event scientists suppose brought water and carbon-rich materials to Earth and helped kick start life soon after.&nbsp;After this period, the solar system got calmer. Today most of what hits Earth’s atmosphere is small enough dust, boulder sized that it rapidly vaporizes in our atmosphere. But there are still asteroids and comets that have courses that pass near Earth. These are called near-Earth objects, or NEOs.&nbsp;The chances of large impacts from NEOs able of causing wide-ranging damage at any given time are small but they aren't zeroThe chance of an impact depends on the size of the object. The bigger the comet or asteroid, the lower the chance, since there are many more small objects out there than large ones. Tons of debris, much of it in pieces smaller than bits of sand, strike Earth's atmosphere and combust up every day. These are the "shooting stars" usually seen at night. Some larger rocks survive their fiery dive to the surface; you can see some of these "meteorites" displayed in museums.Asteroids with a 1 km (0.62 mi) diameter strike Earth every 500,000 years on average. Large collisions with 5 km (3 mi) objects befall roughly once every twenty million years. Numerous scientists believe an extremely large asteroid (about six miles in diameter) struck Earth 65 million years ago near the present- day Yucatan peninsula of Mexico. The impact caused disastrous conditions across the entire globe, including thick clouds of dust and ash that caused global temperatures to dive, causing the extermination of the dinosaurs and the rest of life on Earth.Unlike the dinosaurs, we can find and track dangerous NEOs and calculate the likelihood of them impacting Earth years, decades and indeed centuries before they do, giving us time to divert them. We call this trouble to save our planet from major impacts “planetary defense.” It's the reason there isn’t a need to panic about an asteroid strike. Clickbaity media headings about small asteroids flying past Earth or entering our atmosphere make the problem sound more intimidating than it is.Still, you can rest assured that NASA and other similar space associations widely will be dispatching out press releases and issuing ongoing updates on all their channels, if and when we learn that a large asteroid will strike Earth for real. That being said, the need to plan and prepare to avoid coming asteroid strikes is right now, and we’re already lagging behind.

The chances of large impacts from NEOs able of causing wide-ranging damage at any given time are small but they aren't zero.

will an asteroid ever hit earth

Arnav is a science geek, writer, speaker and a motivator

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In the growing world of technological advancements and rising cyber threats, various sorts of delicate information are getting stolen due to weak cyber security. Data protected by only password are the ones most vulnerable in such cases because of the single layer of protection against different attacks. This becomes even more problematic when that same password is shared among multiple accounts of the same user. This gives the attacker access to almost all of the user’s accounts and details. A study shows 61% of people reuse the same password across different platforms, making them prone to different data thefts.This is why different layers of security must be added to protect your data<h2>What is Multi-Factor Authentication?</h2>Multi-factor authentication (also called MFA) is simply an application asking you to provide a different type of proof of your identity to double-check that it’s you who are trying to access that service. This is basically adding new layers of security for your data and keeping you safe from attackers to some extent. Now even if your password is compromised, it would not be enough for the intruder to access your data.There are three basic types of methods for MFA which are based on different factors.<ol><li>The first one is based on knowledge or simply your memory. This is the most common type that includes basic password and pin code. 	&nbsp;	</li><li>The second one is based on something you own or something you have. This includes your mail address or your phone number. 	&nbsp;	</li><li>Third one is something you are or simply you. This includes your fingerprint, facial recognition and voice recognition. 	</li></ol>As you can tell, the degree of security increases with each layer and the data gets more secure than it was with just a password.An example of why MFA is important is a data breach case of 2013 centering one of the retail giants of USA, i.e. Target. In this case attackers used stolen credentials to gain access to customers' databases and also install malware leading to personal information of customers being stolen. This put almost 41 million customer payment card accounts at risk. Target paid more than $18 million in multi-state settlement which is the largest amount ever paid for a data breach.If Target had adopted MFA for its employees, the data breach might have been prevented or caused lesser damage due to the extra layer of security.Now you must have an idea of why MFA is necessary these days and how serious of a matter this is. Just a few minutes of your time can keep you and your data safe from several different attackers.

Have you ever logged into any of your social media accounts and the app asks you to enable Two-Factor Authentication and wondered why is this even necessary?

multi factor authentication: is it necessary

The internet has become a major part of everybody's life and has revolutionised the world of communication and data sharing. From simple time passes to running major industries, the internet has its fair share of users. Even right now billions of people are using the internet for their own interests. But have you ever wondered what the internet is and how it works?<h2>What is the Internet?</h2>In simple terms, the internet is a net/web of interconnected smaller networks. The smaller networks comprise the very smartphones and the computers you use to browse through the internet, the home router, and other networking devices. Now, imagine several other similar networks consisting of such networking bodies and all of them being interconnected, basically forming a web of networks. This web of networks extends over the globe connecting various parts of the world and making our daily internet-based tasks possible.<h2>How does it work?</h2>Before discussing about how the internet works, first, let’s understand a few terminologies explained in simple words:IP Address - Internet Protocol Address is a number assigned to a device connected to a network.ISP or Internet Service Provider - A company that provides us with internet-related services.Server - A computer system or program that provides services to other users' devices.Client - A user-based device that uses services provided by the server.Packets - Small segments of data that are transferred in the network.Protocols - A set of standardised rules that are followed to accomplish a certain task.<h4>Now, let us shed light on how the internet functions.</h4>The internet is simply a client-server-based network, where we; who use the internet are the clients, and the various internet servers are our providers. For example; when we use the search engine to open Facebook, our device sends a request packet with our IP address attached as Sender IP via the interconnected networks all the way to the Facebook servers. This is us basically requesting service. When the request is received by the server following various protocols, a reply is sent back, hence opening our Facebook front page. Just keep in mind that the server can be anywhere in the world but still the pages load in a few seconds. Amazing, right?<h4>Now, let’s know where the packets move from.</h4>All this travelling of packets might make you wonder about where the packets travel from. Is it via Satellite or some wireless technology? NO, because the wavelength of the satellite is too big for this and the scale of the internet is HUGE for all this to be completely working wirelessly. The networks are connected wirelessly but that is just up to some extent. It could be said that it’s partially wireless but it wouldn’t be fair to say it’s completely dependent on it. The internet actually depends on undersea cables which are also called the backbone of the internet. As it sounds, the cables are under the sea and make all the communication and data sharing possible.When a request is sent from a device, it first passes through a gateway, also known as a router. From the router, the packet first goes to an ISP that is connected to other ISPs. The ISPs are also connected to servers of different services that we use via undersea internet cables. After that, a response is sent back to our device which is also received in the form of packets. When all the packets assemble in our device, the services become available. Also remember that the packets do not follow a dedicated path, meaning it travels from different routes according to the network traffic.

The internet is a net/web of interconnected smaller networks. The smaller networks comprise the very smartphones and the computers you use to browse through the internet, the home router, and other networking devices.

internet:a simple overview

The term ‘Metaverse’ became quite popular after Zuckerberg decided to change Facebook’s name to Meta, making Meta the parent company of Facebook and all of its associated sites. It’s been over half a year since the name-changing thing occurred, and still, not many people have clear concepts about Metaverse. So let us explain the metaverse to you in the simplest possible explanation.The term ‘Metaverse’ comprises two words- ‘meta’ and ‘verse’. ‘Meta’ refers to beyond, whereas ‘verse’ is synonymous with the word world or universe. Thus, in a general sense, Metaverse is a world present beyond our physical world.In a technical sense, the metaverse is a digital reality that includes the facets of social networking sites, Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR), gaming, and even cryptocurrency.&nbsp;<h2>How does the Metaverse function?</h2>The metaverse consists of an extensive system where individuals can carry out both personal and professional exertions. One can set foot in this world, simply by using virtual and augmented reality gadgets. Upon entering, people can create their avatars and use these avatars as their personal characters. By using this avatar, they can socialize with other fellow members of the multiverse. Many experts agree that the metaverse can host lectures and meetings in the days to come.&nbsp;As stated by Bill Gates, “ Within the next two or three years, I predict most virtual meetings will move from 2D camera image grids to the metaverse, a 3D space with digital avatars.”&nbsp;<h2>How can I invest in Metaverse?</h2>There are several ways one can invest in the metaverse. You can purchase digital currencies, and invest in corporations related to Multiverse, such as Meta and Nvidia. However, investing in such cryptocurrencies can be tricky as it isn’t sure which currency will be the most used one in the future.&nbsp;Likewise, you can invest in Non-fungible Tokens (NFTs), that provide a person with virtual possession of artworks, music, and more. Currently, the demand for NFTs is pretty high, especially with celebrities investing in this platform. Nevertheless, it is hard to predict if the digital property will turn out to be valuable someday.&nbsp;<h2>Bottom Line</h2>Metaverse is an appealing advancement in the field of technology. The concept has been widely popular in a short span of time, engaging all tech enthusiasts around the world. Zuckerberg believes that the concept will be completely normalized by the end of the decade.&nbsp;The multiverse provides investors with various opportunities that may be beneficial. However, proper research needs to be done before investing in this platform, be it in the form of crypto, NFTs, or simply stocks.&nbsp;

Metaverse is a digital reality that includes the facets of social networking sites, Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR), gaming, and even cryptocurrency.

metaverse:introduction,working,and investment

Bigyan is a writer, speaker, a bibliophile, tech enthusiast and a counsellor. He specifically covers on Tips but has equally contributed on Science, Travel and Health

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<h2>Introduction</h2>In an understandable way, cryptocurrency refers to a digital currency in which a decentralised system verifies all the transactions. The verifying and record-maintaining task is done via a process called cryptography. Cryptography is the process in which the messages exchanged between two parties are secured and encrypted.<h2>History</h2>The first cryptocurrency invented was Bitcoin. Bitcoin was first innovated in 2008 by Satoshi Nakomoto. However, many people believe the name to be a false one, and consider it to belong to a group of people, rather than only to an individual. Eventually, the currency came to use in 2009 when it's implementation was released as open-source software. Even so, the idea of the currency was published on a white paper that explained how the currency would function.<h2>How does cryptocurrency work?</h2>Cryptocurrencies run through a system of block chains. The record of all transactions are possessed by currency holders.The digital currency is generated by mining. Mining, in simple words, is the act of receiving coins by solving complex mathematical problems. Once the complication is solved, the user receives digital coins.&nbsp;The currency can also be bought from brokers, to store on one's personal cryptographic wallet.A user can use these coins for various deals, such as for buying stocks, or even for something as simple as a food item.<h2>Conclusion</h2>The crypto market is an unusual place with great fluctuations possible at any given moment. With technological advancement, the currency's horizon has expanded significantly, and is likely to grow more in the years to come.&nbsp;Nevertheless, investing a lot of money without proper knowledge isn't recommended since the crypto assets can be unpredictable and risky, at times.

Crypto currency is generated by mining. Mining, in simple words, is the act of receiving coins by solving complex mathematical problems. Once the complication is solved, the user receives digital coins

cryptocurrency in simple terms

Cloning refers to the process of creating a replica which resembles the original entity. Cloning a human would mean the production of another human being through scientific measures. Although this process was a huge leap for science when the first cloned human was born in 2002, many countries have prohibited the practice of such an act. The process of cloning would ease the crisis relating to organ transplantation and could help create humans with special abilities. However, the produced organisms have turned out to be less immune and have not met the expectations of the researchers.Cloning has many possibilities regarding organ transplantation as many people lose their lives every year due to the lack of organs needed for their pharmaceutical treatments. Such a crisis could be solved by reproducing the required organs. In the past few years, scientists have been able to create a replica of various organs, such as the liver. If the organs such as heart and kidney could be reproduced, it would save many people's lives. With the help of the duplicate body systems, humans could live a longer life by the changing of organs every now and then.Creating a clone does not necessarily mean the exact copy, with the same characteristics of a man to be created. Through the use of upgraded scientific equipment, the replica could be inserted with a new and special ability than that of the man. As per this concept, the clone of a blind person will be able to see, and the clone of a sterile man will be able to reproduce. This will turn out to be a huge achievement and can specially serve the differently-abled people. With the successful accomplishment of this experiment, the day when humans will have superpowers is not far.&nbsp;In most cases, the xerox organisms have turned out to be weaker than the actual organism. Many cloned animals die before their adulthood due to various health complications. The first cloned Australian sheep was very energised and enthusiastic on the day it died. Such abnormal conditions may arise when mankind is cloned. The tissues of the cloned organisms are not able to resist the diseases effectively. As a result, they become weak, unhealthy and dull. Such outcomes would only become a waste of time and money. Therefore, the cloned organism will have to suffer throughout its life.The researches carried out on cloned animals has not been as expected. Researches have shown the cloned organism to possess some different characteristics than the ones expected. Loss of natural instincts have also been observed in the produced lives. The cloned organisms tend to die early and not contribute to the research programmes. The clone of a dull man may turn out to be enthusiastic, whereas the clone of an active person may be inactive. These changes in characteristics have been a mystery that has deprived science from drawing a valid conclusion. Due to lack of good results, the experiments have turned out ineffective.Cloning has both negative and positive effects on the human race. Carrying out the experiment is not easy, and sometimes, does not give fruitful results. However, it has contributed for research purposes and has helped us to know about the characteristics of the produced organism. Although in the future, cloning may be completely effective; for now, it also has some drawbacks. Therefore, the cloning activities should only be carried out in a cautiously-monitored way and should be made sure not to cause any harmful effects.

Many cloned animals die before their adulthood due to various health complications. The first cloned Australian sheep was very energised and enthusiastic on the day it died

why are you charged for blood that you donate for free

Related Posts

bittorrent: how does it work

will an asteroid ever hit earth

multi factor authentication: is it necessary

internet:a simple overview

metaverse:introduction,working,and investment

why are you charged for blood that you donate for free

cryptocurrency in simple terms

cloning:positive and negative prospects

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